Timeless rules of exchange. Confucianism. 📜🗺️

Although Confucianism did not pay much attention to economics as a separate science, its views influenced attitudes towards such phenomena as trade in general and barter in particular.

From the point of view of Confucian morality, any economic activity, including barter, should comply with the principles of "ren" (humanity), "yi" (justice) and "li" (ritual, correct behavior). This meant that an exchange transaction was considered acceptable if it was carried out honestly, without deception, and with respect for the counter-party. In this context, the exchange of goods was not condemned, but was considered a natural part of life, if it did not violate the moral order.

Nevertheless, Confucianism was wary of excessive pursuit of profit and self-interest. Merchants were often perceived as people whose interests could conflict with the public good. Therefore, barter, as a simpler and more mutually beneficial form of exchange (in contrast to speculative trade), could be perceived more neutrally or even positively.