Timeless rules of exchange. Hinduism. 📜🗺️

Hinduism, unlike religions with a single founder and canonical doctrine, is a collection of diverse beliefs, texts and traditions. However, it is based on the general principles of dharma (the right path), karma, ahimsa (non-violence) and the desire for spiritual liberation - moksha. These concepts also influence the economic sphere of life, including the attitude towards barter transactions.

In Vedic society, reflected in the most ancient texts of Hinduism - the Vedas, Upanishads and Dharmashastras (codes of laws), barter trade was a common occurrence. Texts such as the Arthashastra (a treatise on government, economics and politics) mention forms of barter, price regulation and the roles of merchants and artisans in society.

Hinduism does not explicitly prohibit barter or trade, but it does distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable economic activity from a dharmic perspective. The motive and method of action are of central importance. A barter transaction is considered ethically acceptable if it is carried out honestly, without deception or greed. Cheating, dishonest weight or an attempt at unfair exchange are considered a violation of dharma and could lead to negative karmic consequences.

Hinduism distinguishes four main classes (varnas): Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants, farmers) and Shudras (servants, workers). Barter and trade were mainly the activities of the Vaishyas. Their goal was not just to make a profit, but to ensure stability and prosperity in society. The ideal exchange is the one that benefits both parties and does not disturb harmony.

In addition, in the Hindu tradition, the concept of aparagraha - non-attachment to property and refusal to accumulate - plays an important role. This means that even in exchange and economic activity, a person should strive for moderation, altruism and inner freedom from material desires. Barter as a form of simple and equal exchange can be perceived as “cleaner” compared to speculative trade focused on profit.